Table 1 The 10-dimensional instrument measuring attitudes towards money

I.

Cognitive component

Item: ‘to what extent do you agree with the following phrases:’

5-point Likert scale: (1) strongly disagree; (2) disagree; (3) neither agree nor disagree; (4) agree; (5) strongly agree

 1

Money as an achievement

‘For me, money is a means to achieve objectives’.

 2

Money as status and respect

‘For me, money is a means to obtain prestige, social recognition’.

 3

Money as freedom

‘For me, money is the freedom to do what you want’.

 4

Money as power

‘For me, money is a means to obtain power’.

 5

Money as a social facilitator

‘For me, money is a means to make friends’.

 6

Money as an end in itself (materialism)

‘For me, money is something I am prepared to obtain by any means I can’.

II.

Behavioural component

Item: ‘during your childhood and adolescence, did your parents tell you about or teach you the following:’

5-point Likert scale: (1) never; (2) rarely; (3) sometimes; (4) often; (5) very often

 7

Hedonist behaviour

‘You should use money to enjoy yourself’.

 8

Savings-oriented behaviour

‘You should put money aside’.

 9

Balanced-type behaviour (keeping a balanced budget)

‘You should not spend more money than you have’.

 10

Solvency behaviour (do not have any debts)

‘You should never have debts’.