Table 2 Policy instruments in the simulated scenarios and Swiss carbon budget in Mt CO₂

Reference scenario (1129 Mt CO₂)

120 CHF/t CO₂ constant

For large CO₂

Full exemption

emitters, with declining cap

1.5 t CO₂-eq scenarios (934 Mt CO₂)

Uni

Endogenous so as

No ETS

Same as thermal fuels

to meet the 1.5-t target

Uni-ETS

Endogenous so as

Same as ref. scenario

Same as thermal fuels

to meet the 1.5-t target

Diff-ETS

Endogenous so as

Same as ref. scenario

\(\frac {1}{4}\) rate for thermal fuels

to meet the 1.5-t target

1 t CO₂-eq scenarios (852 Mt CO₂)

Uni

Endogenous so as

No ETS

Same as thermal fuels

to meet the 1-t target

Uni-ETS

Endogenous so as

Same as ref. scenario

Same as thermal fuels

to meet the 1-t target

Diff-ETS

Endogenous so as

Same as ref. scenario

\(\frac {1}{4}\) rate for thermal fuels

to meet the 1-t target