Are apprenticeships business cycle proof?

Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics

Table 2 Static regression table (immediate effects only), 1987–2016

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Δlog(Pop. aged 16)_t,t−1	0.249***	0.274***	0.266***	0.244***	0.243***
	(0.061)	(0.070)	(0.069)	(0.060)	(0.059)
ΔUnemployed_t,t−1	− 1.542***			− 1.486***	− 1.290***
	(0.361)			(0.350)	(0.397)
\(\Delta \text {Unemployed}^{\Delta >0}_{t,t-1}\)					− 0.108
					(0.107)
ΔGDP growth_t,t−1		− 0.009
		(0.054)
ΔGDP growth_t−1,t−2			0.108**	0.085*	0.116*
			(0.052)	(0.044)	(0.066)
\(\Delta \mathrm {GDP\;growth^{\Delta <0}_{t-1,t-2}}\)					− 0.069
					(0.114)
\(\Delta \text {Trend}^{1987-1991}_{t,t-1}\)	0.001	0.006	0.007	0.002	0.002
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)
\(\Delta \text {Trend}^{1992-2016}_{t,t-1}\)	0.033***	0.037***	0.036***	0.033***	0.033***
	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.009)	(0.008)
Constant	− 0.025***	− 0.029***	− 0.029***	− 0.025***	− 0.025***
	(0.008)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Observations	780	780	780	780	780
Number of region	26	26	26	26	26

Dependent variable: Δlog(Apprenticeships_t,t−1). First difference model with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE, in brackets). ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1