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Table 4 Levin-Lin-Chu unit root test. H0: panels contain unit roots

From: Are apprenticeships business cycle proof?

Variable

Without trend

 

With trend

 

Adjusted t

p value

 

Adjusted t

p value

log(Apprenticeships)

0.045

0.058

 

− 4.272

0.000

log(Population aged 16)

− 0.613

0.270

 

0.950

0.829

Unemployment rate

− 13.940

0.000

 

− 11.999

0.000

GDP growth rate

− 18.625

0.000

 

− 16.787

0.000

Error terms of dynamic regressions

  

Specification 1

− 20.173

0.000

   

Specification 2

− 23.412

0.000

   

Specification 3

− 22.494

0.000