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Table 24 FE regression results of contactless debit on number of withdrawals

From: The impact of contactless payment on cash usage at an early stage of diffusion

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

Variable

b

se

b

se

b

se

Contactless debit

− 0.904*

(0.502)

− 0.942

(0.634)

− 0.941

(0.625)

log(income)

0.186

(0.131)

0.151

(0.186)

0.179

(0.185)

Interest rate

0.180

(0.119)

0.195

(0.164)

0.171

(0.165)

Education

      

High school

1.397***

(0.281)

1.366***

(0.319)

1.794***

(0.345)

Some college

1.176

(1.763)

− 5.620

(5.910)

− 5.640

(6.675)

College

2.032

(1.993)

− 4.699

(6.010)

− 4.814

(6.763)

Post graduate

2.141

(1.893)

− 4.665

(6.004)

− 4.771

(6.758)

Employment

      

Working

− 0.171

(0.258)

0.112

(0.322)

0.096

(0.310)

Retired

− 0.442

(0.322)

− 0.378

(0.616)

− 0.231

(0.605)

Other

− 0.149

(0.215)

− 0.178

(0.312)

− 0.246

(0.310)

Marital status

      

Single

− 0.182

(0.864)

0.729

(1.050)

0.685

(1.027)

Married

− 0.925

(0.578)

− 0.718

(0.591)

− 0.725

(0.562)

Separated

− 1.370

(0.845)

− 1.189

(0.922)

− 1.201

(0.909)

Age

      

25–34

0.377

(0.443)

− 0.167

(0.892)

− 0.220

(0.916)

35–44

0.675

(0.567)

0.491

(0.947)

0.490

(0.948)

45–54

0.880

(0.687)

0.472

(1.085)

0.444

(1.075)

55–64

0.779

(0.743)

0.408

(1.155)

0.337

(1.145)

> 65

0.612

(0.841)

0.215

(1.268)

0.033

(1.255)

Other

      

HH members

0.074

(0.093)

0.125

(0.116)

0.108

(0.113)

CC revolver

0.127

(0.199)

− 0.033

(0.249)

− 0.054

(0.244)

Home owner

− 0.034

(0.391)

0.040

(0.472)

0.048

(0.461)

Rel. characteristics

      

Security

  

0.054

(0.084)

0.027

(0.083)

Setup

  

− 0.056

(0.191)

− 0.086

(0.189)

Acceptance

  

− 0.168

(0.224)

− 0.140

(0.212)

Costs

  

0.098

(0.168)

0.103

(0.166)

Records

  

0.098

(0.128)

0.060

(0.126)

Convenience

  

0.118

(0.128)

0.112

(0.126)

Withdrawal method

      

Bank teller

    

− 0.550**

(0.215)

Check casher

    

− 0.631

(0.392)

Cashback

    

0.276

(0.302)

Employer

    

1.804*

(0.964)

Family

    

0.017

(0.448)

Other

    

1.824***

(0.566)

Constant

− 0.233

(2.324)

5.909

(5.481)

5.619

(6.049)

R 2

0.008

 

0.015

 

0.041

 

Observations

3882

 

3090

 

3089

 

Individuals

906

 

900

 

899

 
  1. FE is the fixed-effects estimator obtained on the balanced panel. b are the point estimates and se the standard errors. Cluster-robust standard errors are used. HH and CC refers to household and credit card, respectively. Base category of categorical variables is lower than high school, unemployed, widowed, lower than 25 years, Asian, and ATM. Significance levels are denoted as ***p <0.01, **p <0.05, *p <0.1