Fig. 5

Log short-time workers, estimation sample: April 2000–January 2020. Top: Data and mean fitted values, mean dynamic forecast, and forecast proportional to the decline after August 2009 (financial crisis decline). Bottom: One-step ahead error (shock), in-sample (blue), out-of-sample (green), mean, and implied out-of-sample May 2020 to July 2021 (red)