Table 2 Mean of covariates considered in the estimations using the German data in the total sample, the late intervention group, the intermediate intervention group, and the early intervention group, respectively

Population

203,103

276,529

197,295

119,444

158,786

228,598

Population density

671

929

665

301

440

804

Income per capita (euro)

37,224

41,686

36,505

34,076

38,325

36,591

Share of population aged 65+

0.222

0.208

0.221

0.244

0.226

0.219

80+ mortality rate (per 1000 inhabitants), 2017

6.52

5.96

6.52

7.36

6.68

6.42

Share of respiratory disease-related deaths, 2016

0.07

0.069

0.071

0.067

0.066

0.072

Hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants

6.31

6.08

6.25

6.97

6.69

6.09

Share of confirmed infections aged 80+ prior to lockdown

0.019

0.024

0.018

0.014

0.022

0.017

Initial growth trend for confirmed cases in log points

0.209

0.23

0.234

0.049

0.185

0.224

Ban of events with > 1000 participants

0.917

0.889

0.924

0.923

1

0.869

Curfew

0.365

0.247

0.378

0.481

1

0

Ban of groups of > 5 persons (prior to contact ban/curfew)

0.223

0.21

0.236

0.173

0

0.351

Permission to meet with 1 non-household member

0.711

0.802

0.698

0.635

0.262

0.969