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Table 3 Estimates of βk from 2-way fixed-effects premature mortality models [Eq. (3)]

From: The association between pharmaceutical innovation and both premature mortality and hospital utilization in Switzerland, 1996–2019

Lag (k)

Estimate

Standard error

95% Lower confidence

95% Upper confidence

Z

Pr >|Z|

A. Dependent variable = ln(YPLL85ct)

0

 − 0.440

0.409

 − 1.242

0.362

 − 1.07

0.2827

1

 − 0.450

0.376

 − 1.187

0.287

 − 1.20

0.2317

2

 − 0.467

0.346

 − 1.145

0.210

 − 1.35

0.1766

3

 − 0.482

0.314

 − 1.098

0.135

 − 1.53

0.1257

4

 − 0.486

0.289

 − 1.052

0.080

 − 1.68

0.0926

5

 − 0.498

0.265

 − 1.017

0.022

 − 1.88

0.0605

6

 − 0.508

0.247

 − 0.992

 − 0.024

 − 2.06

0.0395

7

 − 0.514

0.233

 − 0.971

 − 0.056

 − 2.20

0.0277

8

 − 0.501

0.226

 − 0.944

 − 0.058

 − 2.22

0.0266

9

 − 0.462

0.222

 − 0.896

 − 0.027

 − 2.08

0.0374

10

 − 0.331

0.200

 − 0.724

0.062

 − 1.65

0.0986

11

 − 0.252

0.183

 − 0.610

0.106

 − 1.38

0.1684

12

 − 0.198

0.171

 − 0.532

0.136

 − 1.16

0.2457

B. Dependent variable = ln(YPLL75ct)

0

 − 0.727

0.477

 − 1.663

0.208

 − 1.52

0.1275

1

 − 0.725

0.433

 − 1.575

0.124

 − 1.67

0.0943

2

 − 0.735

0.385

 − 1.490

0.021

 − 1.91

0.0566

3

 − 0.717

0.351

 − 1.405

 − 0.028

 − 2.04

0.0413

4

 − 0.694

0.316

 − 1.312

 − 0.076

 − 2.20

0.0279

5

 − 0.677

0.290

 − 1.245

 − 0.108

 − 2.33

0.0197

6

 − 0.669

0.271

 − 1.200

 − 0.138

 − 2.47

0.0135

7

 − 0.657

0.259

 − 1.165

 − 0.149

 − 2.54

0.0112

8

 − 0.630

0.258

 − 1.135

 − 0.124

 − 2.44

0.0147

9

 − 0.565

0.266

 − 1.086

 − 0.044

 − 2.13

0.0335

10

 − 0.398

0.258

 − 0.904

0.108

 − 1.54

0.1235

11

 − 0.287

0.247

 − 0.770

0.197

 − 1.16

0.2452

12

 − 0.204

0.236

 − 0.666

0.257

 − 0.87

0.3858

C. Dependent variable = ln(YPLL65ct)

0

 − 1.067

0.490

 − 2.026

 − 0.107

 − 2.18

0.0294

1

 − 1.042

0.432

 − 1.890

 − 0.195

 − 2.41

0.0159

2

 − 1.025

0.371

 − 1.752

 − 0.297

 − 2.76

0.0058

3

 − 0.975

0.337

 − 1.636

 − 0.314

 − 2.89

0.0038

4

 − 0.920

0.296

 − 1.500

 − 0.341

 − 3.11

0.0019

5

 − 0.878

0.271

 − 1.410

 − 0.347

 − 3.24

0.0012

6

 − 0.856

0.253

 − 1.352

 − 0.361

 − 3.39

0.0007

7

 − 0.834

0.242

 − 1.309

 − 0.359

 − 3.44

0.0006

8

 − 0.799

0.247

 − 1.283

 − 0.316

 − 3.24

0.0012

9

 − 0.722

0.266

 − 1.243

 − 0.201

 − 2.71

0.0066

10

 − 0.538

0.283

 − 1.093

0.018

 − 1.90

0.0579

11

 − 0.408

0.292

 − 0.981

0.166

 − 1.39

0.1634

12

 − 0.301

0.297

 − 0.884

0.281

 − 1.01

0.3105

  1. Estimates in bold are statistically significant (p value < .05)