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Table 4 Estimates of βk from 2-way fixed-effects hospital utilization models [Eq. (3)]

From: The association between pharmaceutical innovation and both premature mortality and hospital utilization in Switzerland, 1996–2019

Lag (k)

Estimate

Standard error

95% Lower confidence

95% Upper confidence

Z

Pr >|Z|

A. Dependent variable = ln(HOSP_DAYSct)

0

0.076

0.267

 − 0.448

0.600

0.28

0.776

1

0.002

0.263

 − 0.513

0.518

0.01

0.9929

2

 − 0.071

0.269

 − 0.598

0.456

 − 0.27

0.7907

3

 − 0.155

0.281

 − 0.706

0.396

 − 0.55

0.5816

4

 − 0.219

0.279

 − 0.766

0.329

 − 0.78

0.434

5

 − 0.251

0.267

 − 0.774

0.272

 − 0.94

0.3467

6

 − 0.326

0.224

 − 0.766

0.114

 − 1.45

0.1462

7

 − 0.356

0.195

 − 0.738

0.026

 − 1.83

0.0675

8

 − 0.369

0.179

 − 0.719

 − 0.019

 − 2.07

0.0388

9

 − 0.370

0.172

 − 0.707

 − 0.033

 − 2.15

0.0315

10

 − 0.326

0.160

 − 0.641

 − 0.012

 − 2.03

0.042

11

 − 0.288

0.150

 − 0.580

0.006

 − 1.92

0.0544

12

 − 0.233

0.141

 − 0.508

0.043

 − 1.66

0.0977

B. Dependent variable = ln(ALOSct)

0

 − 0.070

0.052

 − 0.171

0.032

 − 1.35

0.1779

1

 − 0.097

0.054

 − 0.203

0.009

 − 1.79

0.0734

2

 − 0.123

0.057

 − 0.235

 − 0.010

 − 2.14

0.0324

3

 − 0.151

0.060

 − 0.269

 − 0.032

 − 2.49

0.0127

4

 − 0.164

0.061

 − 0.283

 − 0.045

 − 2.70

0.0069

5

 − 0.160

0.061

 − 0.279

 − 0.041

 − 2.63

0.0086

6

 − 0.154

0.060

 − 0.272

 − 0.036

 − 2.55

0.0108

7

 − 0.156

0.060

 − 0.275

 − 0.038

 − 2.59

0.0096

8

 − 0.153

0.062

 − 0.275

 − 0.031

 − 2.46

0.0137

9

 − 0.141

0.063

 − 0.263

 − 0.018

 − 2.24

0.0251

10

 − 0.122

0.062

 − 0.243

 − 0.001

 − 1.97

0.0491

11

 − 0.116

0.062

 − 0.238

0.007

 − 1.85

0.0638

12

 − 0.114

0.063

 − 0.238

0.010

 − 1.81

0.0708

  1. Estimates in bold are statistically significant (p value < .05)