From: Digital technologies, technological improvement rates, and innovations “Made in Switzerland”
Dependent variables | FWD90 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model | (1990-1999) | (2000–2009) | (2010–2015) |
Variables | |||
Digital: Chemical | 11.285*** (1.290) | 6.997*** (0.674) | 3.064*** (0.697) |
Digital: Computer/ICT | 2.008*** (0.314) | 0.449 (0.281) | 0.883*** (0.398) |
Digital: Electrical | 5.783*** (0.515) | 6.959*** (0.577) | 8.658*** (1.546) |
Digital: Machinery | 1.162*** (0.525) | 0.938*** (0.194) | 0.137 (0.701) |
Digital: Medical | 9.532*** (1.357) | 5.714*** (0.717) | 3.327*** (1.363) |
Digital: Pharma | 1.977*** (0.691) | 0.062 (0.673) | 1.938 (1.329) |
Non-digital: k:Chemical | 0.221*** (0.024) | 0.124*** (0.028) | 0.250*** (0.025) |
Digital: k:Chemical | − 0.004 (0.038) | − 0.005 (0.015) | 0.012 (0.033) |
Non-digital: k:Computer/ICT | 0.184*** (0.019) | − 0.001 (0.020) | 0.001 (0.043) |
Digital: k:Computer/ICT | 0.071*** (0.003) | 0.008 (0.008) | 0.019*** (0.004) |
Non-digital: k:Electrical | 0.384*** (0.062) | 0.415*** (0.032) | 0.445*** (0.035) |
Digital: k:Electrical | 0.178*** (0.025) | 0.109*** (0.027) | 0.079*** (0.043) |
Non-digital: k:Machinery | 0.236*** (0.021) | 0.131*** (0.012) | 0.069*** (0.007) |
Digital: k:Machinery | 0.091*** (0.022) | 0.017 (0.012) | 0.015 (0.019) |
Non-digital: k:Medical | 0.393*** (0.032) | 0.087*** (0.046) | 0.024 (0.038) |
Digital: k:Medical | 0.067 (0.049) | 0.013 (0.030) | 0.045*** (0.027) |
Non-digital: k:Pharma | 0.195*** (0.038) | − 0.050 (0.062) | 0.020 (0.098) |
Digital: k:Pharma | 0.158*** (0.059) | 0.027 (0.052) | -0.008 (0.026) |
Control variables | |||
inv | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
num_ctry | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Claims | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
bwd_cits | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Fixed effects | |||
Industry | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Year | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Year-Industry | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Observations | 1,207,095 | 1,651,118 | 385,589 |