Table 14 Technological improvement rates and breakthrough innovations: breakthrough measures across industries (part II)
From: Digital technologies, technological improvement rates, and innovations “Made in Switzerland”
Dependent variables | IMP75 | IMP90 | IMP99 |
|---|---|---|---|
Model | (1) | (2) | (3) |
Variables | |||
Digital:Chemical | 11.599*** (2.157) | 9.024*** (1.262) | 1.611*** (0.256) |
Digital:Computer/ICT | 7.100*** (0.882) | 1.736*** (0.314) | 0.027 (0.039) |
Digital:Electrical | 28.908*** (2.004) | 13.594*** (0.686) | 0.442*** (0.115) |
Digital:Machinery | 4.916*** (1.199) | 5.103*** (0.774) | 0.804*** (0.071) |
Digital:Medical | 27.020*** (2.060) | 13.546*** (0.969) | − 0.104 (0.240) |
Digital:Pharma | 4.612*** (1.135) | − 1.333* (0.791) | − 1.661*** (0.186) |
Non-digital: k:Chemical | − 0.055 (0.045) | − 0.005 (0.019) | 0.003 (0.007) |
Digital:Chemical | − 0.034** (0.014) | − 0.002 (0.025) | 0.014 (0.010) |
Non-digital: k:Computer/ICT | 0.274*** (0.038) | 0.088*** (0.016) | 0.005*** (0.001) |
Digital:Computer/ICT | 0.135*** (0.010) | 0.068*** (0.008) | 0.008*** (0.001) |
Non-digital: k:Electrical | 1.627*** (0.089) | 0.795*** (0.046) | 0.079*** (0.006) |
Digital:Electrical | 0.349*** (0.019) | 0.262*** (0.023) | 0.075*** (0.010) |
Non-digital: k:Machinery | 0.551*** (0.083) | 0.406*** (0.059) | 0.056*** (0.007) |
Digital:Machinery | 0.158*** (0.031) | 0.082*** (0.024) | 0.016*** (0.005) |
Non-digital: k:Medical | 0.419*** (0.038) | 0.159*** (0.034) | 0.005 (0.005) |
Digital:Medical | 0.277*** (0.027) | 0.299*** (0.049) | 0.130*** (0.030) |
Non-digital: k:Pharma | − 0.122 (0.089) | − 0.151** (0.071) | − 0.016 (0.014) |
Digital:Pharma | 0.182*** (0.046) | 0.247*** (0.041) | 0.133*** (0.027) |
Control variables | |||
inv | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
num_ctry | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Claims | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
bwd_cits | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Fixed effects | |||
Industry | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Year | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Year-Industry | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Observations | 3,243,795 | 3,243,795 | 3,243,795 |