Digital technologies, technological improvement rates, and innovations “Made in Switzerland”

Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics

Table 5 Number of patent UPC-IPC code combinations per country and industry

Inventor Country	Chemical	Computer/ICT	Electrical	Machinery	Medical	Pharma
Canada	7859	35,574	5705	20,173	3788	16,238
China	3532	27,776	5115	5607	688	5129
France	19,242	30,573	6805	18,985	4758	25,623
Germany	53,486	59,280	17,412	66,577	12,971	41,315
Japan	85,961	357,049	53,442	187,692	16,287	49,001
South Korea	9086	100,521	12,386	21,478	1420	7053
Switzerland	8201	7256	2294	9642	3121	12,360
UK	14,450	35,434	4304	19,431	5191	28,742
USA	194,429	764,742	115,567	364,249	142,314	278,710

Patents are assigned to industries based on the probabilistic matching described in De Rassenfosse et al. (2014). In doing so, each patent has been assigned to the industry with the highest matching probability. Moreover, each patent has been assigned to the mentioned country if at least one inventor resided there (as mentioned in the inventor addresses of the patent texts). In addition, a patent is assigned to a Singh et al. (2021) technology based on its three-digit UPC and four-digit IPC code. If a patent belongs to more than one UPC-IPC code, it is assigned to each of it. Considering all these points leads to the shown total number of distinguished patent-UPC-IPC combinations per country and industry of the filing years 1990–2015