Table 9 Technological improvement rates and breakthrough innovations: different breakthrough measures
From: Digital technologies, technological improvement rates, and innovations “Made in Switzerland”
Dependent variables | FWD75 | FWD90 | FWD99 | IMP75 | IMP90 | IMP99 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
Digital | 3.792*** | 2.991*** | 0.7378*** | 7.832** | 5.470*** | 0.8458*** |
(0.9897) | (0.6914) | (0.1424) | (3.359) | (1.787) | (0.2454) | |
Non-digital: k | 0.2260*** | 0.1480*** | 0.0247*** | 0.4444*** | 0.2831*** | 0.0331*** |
(0.0330) | (0.0221) | (0.0034) | (0.1177) | (0.0644) | (0.0081) | |
Digital: k | 0.0387*** | 0.0228*** | 0.0035*** | 0.1482*** | 0.0755*** | 0.0095*** |
(0.0050) | (0.0043) | (0.0012) | (0.0114) | (0.0094) | (0.0027) | |
Control variables | ||||||
inv | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
num_ctry | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Claims | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
bwd_cits | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Fixed effects | ||||||
Industry | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Year | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |
Year-Industry | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) |