Fig. 12

Cross-border debit card transactions by Swiss consumers in Germany/France. Note: The figure displays weekly scaled payment transactions with debit cards issued by Swiss banks for 2020–2022. Transactions include payments at PoS terminals and cash withdrawals at ATMs. Spending in Germany is displayed in the upper panel, spending in France in the lower panel. We display the data as provided, i.e., as a scaled value, which preserves the relative interpretability both over time and in the cross-section. See Sect. 2 for more details. Data source: Debit_Merchanttype_Grossregion.csv